premature ejaculation: intro

Re: Premature Ejaculation
Fr: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation

Premature ejaculation (PE), also known as rapid ejaculation, premature climax, early ejaculation, or by the Latin term ejaculatio praecox, is the most common sexual problem in men, affecting 25%-40% of men. It is characterized by a lack of voluntary control over ejaculation. Masters and Johnson stated that a man suffers from premature ejaculation if he ejaculates before his partner achieves orgasm in more than fifty percent of his sexual encounters. Other sex researchers have defined premature ejaculation as occurring if the man ejaculates within two minutes or less of penetration; however, a survey by Alfred Kinsey in the 1950s demonstrated that three quarters of men ejaculated within two minutes of penetration in over half of their sexual encounters. Today, most sex therapists understand premature ejaculation as occurring when a lack of ejaculatory control interferes with sexual or emotional well-being in one or both partners. Masters and Johnson recommended the use of the Lateral coital position to help alleviate premature ejaculation.

Most men experience premature ejaculation at least once in their lives. Often adolescents and young men experience "premature" ejaculation during their first sexual encounters, but eventually learn ejaculatory control. Because there is great variability in both how long it takes men to ejaculate and how long both partners want sex to last, researchers have begun to form a quantitative definition of premature ejaculation. Current evidence supports an average intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of six and a half minutes in 18-30 year olds.[1] If the disorder is defined as an IELT percentile below 2.5, then premature ejaculation could be suggested by an IELT of less than about one and a half minutes. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that men with IELTs below 1.5 minutes could be "happy" with their performance and do not report a lack of control and therefore do not suffer from PE. On the other hand, a man with 2 minutes IELT could present with perception of poor control over his ejaculation, distressed about his condition, has interpersonal difficulties and therefore be diagnosed with PE.

Scientists have long suspected a genetic link to certain forms of premature ejaculation. In one study, ninety-one percent of men who suffered from lifelong premature ejaculation also had a first-relative with lifelong premature ejaculation. Other researchers have noted that men who suffer from premature ejaculation have a faster neurological response in the pelvic muscles. Simple exercises commonly suggested by sex therapists can significantly improve ejaculatory control for men with premature ejaculation caused by neurological factors[citation needed]. Often, these men may benefit from anti-anxiety medication or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline or paroxetine. Some men prefer using anaesthetic creams; however, these creams may also deaden sensations in the man's partner, and are not generally recommended by sex therapists.

Psychological factors also commonly contribute to premature ejaculation. While men sometimes underestimate the relationship between sexual performance and emotional well-being, premature ejaculation can be caused by temporary depression, stress over financial matters, unrealistic expectations about performance, a history of sexual repression, or an overall lack of confidence. Interpersonal dynamics strongly contribute to sexual function, and premature ejaculation can be caused by a lack of communication between partners, hurt feelings, or unresolved conflicts that interfere with the ability to achieve emotional intimacy. Neurological premature ejaculation can also lead to other forms of sexual dysfunction, or intensify the existing problem, by creating performance anxiety. In a less pathological context, premature ejaculation could also be simply caused by extreme arousal.

Some physical illnesses, such as a prostate infection, are also known to induce premature ejaculation. In other instances, premature ejaculation is caused by a physical injury that affects the nervous system. Certain medications, such as cold medications containing pseudoephedrine, also cause premature ejaculation. Sexual dysfunction is a common symptom of psychiatric afflictions ranging from bipolar disorder to post-traumatic stress disorder. In these cases, it is best to discuss the issues openly with a physician.

Today it is believed that the neurotransmitor serotonin (5HT) has a central role in modulating ejaculation. Several animal studies have demonstrated its inhibitory effect on ejaculation modulated through the PGI system in the brain. Therefore, it is perceived that low level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft in these specific areas in the brain could cause premature ejaculation. This theory is further supported by the proven effectiveness of SSRIs, which increase serotonin level in the synapse, in treating PE.

Contents
1 Science of Mechanism of Ejaculation
2 Treatment
2.1 Alternative therapies
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Differential diagnosis
3.2 Associated conditions
4 See also
5 References

Science of Mechanism of Ejaculation

The process of ejaculation requires two sexually sequentially distinct actions, emission and expulsion.

Mechanism of Ejaculation
The emission phase is the first one to happen and it involves deposition of semenal fluid from ampullary vasa deferens, seminal vesicles & prostate gland into posterior urethra (Bohlen, et al., 2000). Second phase is the expulsion of semen which involves closure of bladder neck followed by the rhythmic contractions of urethra by pelvic-perineal and bulbospongiosus muscle and intermittent relaxation of external Sphincter urethrae (Master and Turek, 2001).

Sympathetic motor neurons control the emission phase of ejaculation reflex and expulsion phase is executed by somatic and autonomic motor neurons. These motor neurons are located in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord and are activated in a coordinated manner when sufficient sensory input to reach the ejaculatory threshold has entered the central nervous system (De Groat and Booth 1980; Truitt and Coolen 2002). Several areas in the brain, and especially the nucleus paragigantocellularis, have been identified to be involved in ejaculatory control (Coolen, et al., 2004),

Treatment

Depending on severity, premature ejaculation symptoms can be significantly reduced. In mundane cases, treatments are focused on gradually training and improving mental habituation to sex and physical development of stimulation control. In clinical cases, various medications are being trialled to help slow down the speed of the arousal response.

SSRI antidepressants have been shown to delay ejaculation in men treated for different psychiatry disorders. SSRIs are considered the most effective treatment currently available for PE. These include paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and more. The use of these drugs, that require chronic therapy, is limited by the neuropsychiatric side effects. New SSRI drugs specifically targeted to treat premature ejaculation (e.g. dapoxetine) can be taken on an as needed basis and have been recently shown positive results in large phase III studies. Nevertheless dapoxetine is not yet approved by any regulatory authority around the world. There is speculation that some of the associated effects are caused by lowered libido and blood pressure as well as lowered anxiety levels. Other pharmaceutical products known to delay male orgasm are; opioids, cocaine, and diphenhydramine.

The effects of the hyperforin extract of Hypericum perforatum has been evaluated on the ejaculatory reflex duration by using the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and sexual satisfaction (Cannon-Smith and Kaufman, 2007). In this trial sixteen men who desired longer sexual intercourse and without erectile dysfunction took with hyperforin immediately prior to sexual activity. All 16 participants completed the trial and there was a significant increase in mean ejaculation times from 246±29 to 331±34 seconds (p<0.002) in persons taking the hyperforin. The increase was seen in both the men who reported PE as bothersome and those who did not feel that PE was a problem for them. The effect of hypericum perforatum is similar to dapoxetine.

Local anesthetic creams (like lidocaine, prilocaine and combinations) have shown to be very effective in clinical trials and are being used of the treatment of PE. Their use is limited by its own anesthetic effect that reduce sensation on the penis and vagina.

Most sex therapists prescribe a series of exercises to enable the man to gain ejaculatory control. While the exercises are intended for men who suffer from premature ejaculation, other men can use the exercises to enhance their sex lives. By far the most common exercise is the so-called start-stop technique. While the technique varies, the purpose is to get the male accustomed to maintaining an erection for an extended period of time while gradually increasing sexual tolerance. In doing this exercise, the male obtains an erection through self-stimulation, or masturbation. After achieving an erection, he stops stimulating himself until he begins to lose his erection; at that point, he begins to stimulate himself again. Gradually, over a period of several weeks, he is able to stimulate himself for longer periods of time, eventually gaining ejaculatory control. In order for this technique to be successful, the male should avoid feeling discouraged if he ejaculates rapidly; instead, he should use his sexual responses to learn how to vary the technique in a way that most benefits him. Another variant, for example, is to stimulate the shaft and frenulum of the penis, exploring the glans more as control improves.

The male's partner is usually integrated into the exercises. They can stimulate the partner using the stop-start technique. When the male has achieved some level of ejaculatory control, he can insert his penis into his partner without thrusting. After his penis becomes accustomed to being inside his partner, thrusting can be gradually included, according to the male's abilities, using the stop-start technique. In less severe cases, the male might overcome his premature ejaculation early on, making exercises with his partner superfluous.

The male's partner plays an essential role in enabling him to overcome premature ejaculation. Without understanding and emotional support, the male is unlikely to obtain the level of relaxation required for sexual satisfaction. Both the male and his partner should communicate their feelings openly and with sensitivity. The male should learn to sexually satisfy his partner, orally or otherwise, while they work with him to overcome his premature ejaculation.

External latex rigid sheathes fastened to the body have been developed that cover all part of the penis during penetration so that the penis is protected from all the stimulation of the vagina. These help to gain control and to provide satisfaction to the partner.

Alternative therapies

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Many alternative therapies are available for the treatment of PE. Caution should be exercised when researching alternative sources of advice however, most treatments have not actually been shown to be effective. Some web sites even advocate the dangerous and antiquated method of pulling the testes downwards when aroused. This is actually a good way to slightly strain the interior of the testes and is associated with reports of injury and weakened/deteriorated erection. For some reason this advice is still widespread on the Internet.

Hypnosis has also proven very effective in the treatment of premature ejaculation.[citation needed] It is believed by some that ejaculation is a subconscious habit and by giving the mind hypnotic suggestions to last longer, the problem can be greatly alleviated if not completely cured.[citation needed] Most men report dramatic improvement after only a few sessions of hypnosis.

The prostate gland plays a very important part in regulating arousal. Pressure in between the engorged prostate and the erection causes most of the pleasurable sensations and it may be emptied manually before sex by prostate massage. This causes the erection to be strong but less sensitive, and increases a patient's awareness of his physiology.

There is a trend toward the use of nutritional supplements when treating men who suffer from PE. Effective supplements must contain 5HTP which is a precursor to serotonin. A Dr. William Ganong, noted that serum serotonin levels could be increased through dietary means. Increasing the serum level of serotonin helps inhibit the ejaculatory reflex. There are a number of nutritional remedies available primarily on the Internet.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic criteria for Premature Ejaculation DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association)

A. Persistent or recurrent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it. The clinician must take into account factors that affect duration of the excitement phase, such as age, novelty of the sexual partner or situation, and recent frequency of sexual activity.

B. The disturbance causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.

C. The premature ejaculation is not due exclusively to the direct effects of a substance (e.g., withdrawal from opioids).

Differential diagnosis

Premature ejaculation should be distinguished from erectile dysfunction related to the development of a general medical condition. Some individuals with erectile dysfunction may omit their usual strategies for delaying orgasm. Others require prolonged noncoital stimulation to develop a degree of erection sufficient for intromission. In such individuals, sexual arousal may be so high that ejaculation occurs immediately. Occasional problems with premature ejaculation that are not persistent or recurrent or are not accompanied by marked distress or interpersonal difficulty do not qualify for the diagnosis of premature ejaculation. The clinician should also take into account the individual's age, overall sexual experience, recent sexual activity, and the novelty of the partner. When problems with premature ejaculation are due exclusively to substance use (e.g., opioid withdrawal), a substance-induced sexual dysfunction can be diagnosed.

Associated conditions
• Neurological disorders, e.g., multiple sclerosis
• Prostatitis
• Psychological disorders
• Interpersonal disorders
• ABC's Premature Ejaculation, e.g., [[2]]

See also
• Delayed ejaculation

References

• Böhlen D, Hugonnet CL, Mills RD, Weise ES, Schmid HP (2000). "Five meters of H(2)O: the pressure at the urinary bladder neck during human ejaculation". Prostate 44 (4): 339-41. PMID 10951500.
• Cannon-Smith, T. W., Kaufman, J.H.: Improved Ejacultory Control And Sexual Satisfaction In Pilot Study Of Men Taking Hypericum Perforatum Extract . The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 2007. Volume 3 Number 2. link
• Coolen LM, Olivier B, Peters HJ, Veening JG (1997). "Demonstration of ejaculation-induced neural activity in the male rat brain using 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT". Physiol. Behav. 62 (4): 881-91. PMID 9284512.
• deGroat WC, Booth AM (1980). "Physiology of male sexual function". Ann. Intern. Med. 92 (2 Pt 2): 329-31. PMID 7356224.
• Master VA, Turek PJ (2001). "Ejaculatory physiology and dysfunction". Urol. Clin. North Am. 28 (2): 363-75, x. PMID 11402588.
• Barry W., PhD. McCarthy; Michael E., PhD. Metz (2003). Coping With Premature Ejaculation: How to Overcome Pe, Please Your Partner & Have Great Sex. Oakland, Calif: New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 1-57224-340-6.
• Ringold MD, Warren J, "The ABC's of Premature Ejaculation"; Department Chief of Family Medicine; "Understanding and Coping with PE" link
• Truitt WA, Coolen LM (2002). "Identification of a potential ejaculation generator in the spinal cord". Science 297 (5586): 1566-9. DOI:10.1126/science.1073885. PMID 12202834.
• Waldinger MD, Quinn P, Dilleen M, Mundayat R, Schweitzer DH, Boolell M (2005). "A multinational population survey of intravaginal ejaculation latency time". The journal of sexual medicine 2 (4): 492-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00070.x. PMID 16422843.
• Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B, Schweitzer DH (2005). "Proposal for a definition of lifelong premature ejaculation based on epidemiological stopwatch data". The journal of sexual medicine 2 (4): 498-507. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00069.x. PMID 16422844.

co-dependency

re: ADHD
fr: strong, j. & flanagan, m. (2005). AD/HD for dummies. indianapolis, IN: wiley, p. 224.

"be careful not to fall into the trap of being CODEPENDENT. if your partner has AD/HD, DON'T DO EVERYTHING FOR HIM, and don't allow him to treat you or anyone else poorly or to rely too much on you to do things for him. (allowing this type of behavior is called enabling.)

"... working together. be supportive without enabling. be a partner, not a servant ...."

alcoholic anonymous

when founded: 1935
where: akron, ohio
who: bill wilson, a NY stockbroker
: dr. bob smith, an Akron surgeon
method:
> the 12-step recovery program from chemical dependency
> major steps
-- admitting you are powerless over alcohol --
that your life has become unmanageable
-- believing that a power greater than yourself
could restore you to sanity
-- making a list of all persons you have harmed, &
-- becoming willing to make amends to them all.

"AA is no success story in the ordinary sense of the word.
it is a story of suffering transmuted, under grace, into
spiritual progress."
- bill wison, co-founder of AA

source: xpress (2007 may 17), p. 10. "sober celebration."
cf: www.aa.org

workaholism, intro

> the problem:

workaholism refers to a "tendency to spend to much time & get too great a reward at work at the expense of famly & personal life."

> proposed solutions:

- schedule your time
- force social interaction
- take time for health
- make time for short breaks
- "sharpen the saw"
---physical: exercise, nutririon, rest
---social/emotional : social & intimate connections with others
---mental: reading, learning, writing
---spiritual: connecting with nature, meditating, prayer, service
- set & review goals

"...i was letting the important things pass by me. taking the time &
spending my energy with the truly important parts of my life
(principally my wife, my family & my spiritual life) i have become
much more productive in my career & found greater joy in my
human existence."

-wayne parker
http://fatherhood.about.com/od/workingfathers/a/workaholism.htm

workaholism, antidote

Re: workaholism, antidote; 3-step process
Fr: james Adonis, work-life coach, 7Days (2007 June 26). “The pursuit of happiness,” p. 6. (underscore mine)

1. PRIORITIZE: decide what the most important thing is in your life.
Ex: family, friends, health, wealth, work
2. WORK TOWARDS YORU PRIORITY: identify barriers preventing you from achieving your goals and how you can work around them
3. FOLLOW THROUGH: follow through until you achieve

“work/life balance is a decision we make. we either decide we want to see people socially once or twice a week, or we don’t. we decide the world won’t end if we leave work on time, or we continue to work late. we choose to exercise or we choose not to.”

sexual abuse, clergy

"... the reformation itself was not so much about theology, but morals among clergy
or lack thereof. some priests were living in open relationships with women and some
church historians believe the pope himself may have fathered children.

"... one study found that 12% of the 300 protestant clergy surveyed admitted sexual
relations with parishioners (r.a. blackman, unpublished ph.d. dissertation, fuller theological seminary, 1984).

"... pastors are in a unique role in terms of trust, charisma, patriarchal privilege, and power. they are often viewed as 'god's representative,' whose
authority are also above reproach. concomitant with the position is a sense of trustworthiness and moral admiration that may be embellished by personal
charisma and charm.... if the church does not monitor itself, who will?"

- rev. les wicker (01/10/2007), senior pastor, first congregational church of naples, FL (florida). "is there a double standard for clergy?"
http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm? ERD=2605&dept_id=592840&newsid=17688826&PAG=461&rfi=9

a dyslexia case

july 31, 2007
today, i interviewed a 30-year old british construction manager. he admitted to me during the interview that he had dyslexia as a child, when asked about his weakness. he said that when he was 6-7 years old, his teacher suspected him to be dyslexic and referred him to a specialist who diagnosed him to be so and was given special tutorials. he was able to be independent of these specials lessons on how to read by age 10-11.
he told me that as a dyslexic, he processes reading materials differently from others and was taught techniques to cope accordingly. he had to practice reading and writing more than his classmates.
the effect on him up to now is being SLOW TO READ compared to others, like going over the long psychological tests i gave him. i also noticed that most of his writing on the information sheet were written in printed form rather than script and looked a bit crude.
when growing up, he realized math was just easier and more understandable to him than literature. thus, he became a construction manager.

reflection:
i cited this case here because i and my psychologist wife have been wondering whether our youngest son, angel, has dyslexia. he doesn't like writing, is one of the last to finish copying from the board, and even doesn't like going to school. not wanting to go to school and being left without a companion can be part of separation anxiety (childhood anxiety disorder, which is another possible diagnosis). my wife, who has 6 units of special education in the doctoral level, has been trying her best to assist him cope. she has also given him a standarized IQ test and came out average. however, i still insist on referring him to specialists for a more objective assessment. we are in the process of doing that.